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In the U.S. context, political scientists have employed various definitions of women’s polit ical interests: some are more women - or gender - specific (or explicit) than others; some are more feminist, liberal, or radical than others. To what extent do our definitions of women’s interests affect who is or appears to be more or less willing to act fo r women? Does the relationship between women’s descriptive and substantive representation depend on how we define women’s interests? In this paper , we are particularly interested in whether and how definitions of women’s interests affect the conclusions we draw about women of color in U.S. state legislatures. Are legislative women, regardless of race and ethnicity, equally likely to take the lead on women’s issues, regardless of how they are defined? Or are gender gaps in women’s substantive representation racially/ethnically specific? Intersectionality theory and research cautions against generalizing about women’s representation across race and ethnicity and suggests that any single - axis conception of women’s interests risks excluding or obscuring the repr esentational advocacy provided by women of color, while privileging that provid ed by white women. To test this proposition , we examine the agenda - setting behavior (i.e., bill introductions) of state legislators in twelve states, in 1997 , across a variety o f definitions of women’s issues/interests . We find no systematic or consistent biases against legislative women of color but nevertheless conclude that the best approach may be to employ a variety of theoretically relevant concepts and measures of women’s substantive representation. 1 Decades of research on the impact of women in elective office have demonstrated quite forcefully that representation in the U.S. is gendered. Throughout the policymaking process — and beyond — female officeholders are often more li kely than their male colleagues to act for women or women’s interests. 1 In terms of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation, public officials who “stand for” women are more likely to “act for” women (Pitkin 1967). Nowhere is th is link between gender identity and representation more clearly and consistently demonstrated than in the research on legislators’ policy leadership. Across time, office, and political parties, legislative women, compared to their male counterparts , care more about, know more about, and do more about “women’s i ssues ” (and the more general interests from which they are derived). 2 In interviews, surveys, press releases, and newsletters, women officeholders are more likely to express concern about such issues and claim them as their own (Barrett 1995; Boles 2001; Diamond 1977; Dolan and Kropf 2004; Fridkin and Woodall 2005; Garcia Bedolla, Tate, and Wong 2005 ; Reingold 2000 ). They are more likely to serve on committees relevant to women’s interests ( Carroll 20 08; Diamond 1977; Reingold 2000 ; Thomas 1994 ; Thomas and Welch 1991 ). And p erhaps most importantly, t hey are more likely to introduce or sponsor legislation addressing such interests ( Bratton 2002, 2005; Bratton and Haynie 1999; Bratton, Haynie, and Reingo ld 2006; Carroll 2001; Dodson and Carroll 1991; 1 For a review of this literatur e, see Reingold (2008). 2 We use the terms “women’s issues” and “women’s interests” to distinguish the more general and abstract “interests” or concerns of women from the more specific, empirically manifested “issues” that address or articulate them (Beckw ith 2012). When the distinction is blurred or both terms seem applicable, we often use terms like “interests/issues.”

This report summarizes a project carried out for the European Commission aimed at assessing the feasibility of producing patent and bibliometric indicators by the gender of the inventor/author. It would appear to be the first study of its kind, and the results provide some pioneering measures of sex-disaggregated S&T output and productivity. The approach developed to genderize the data was based on identifying the sex of the first name of the author or the inventor. To do this, a comprehensive “first name database” was created, containing first names commonly used in each of the six EU countries selected for the study, and assigning a sex to each first name (some names of course can be used for both sexes). This database was then applied to two datasets. The first was the set of patents published in 1998 by the European Patent Office which related to 100.000 inventors from the 6 EU countries selected for the study (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and UK). The second dataset was a sample of roughly 30.000 authors of scientific publications. The report is structured in two volumes. Volume I is the analytical report, presenting a detailed analysis of the indicators calculated using this approach for the six Member States in the study. Volume II is the methodological report, describing the creation of the first name database and the development and testing of the methodology for producing sex-disaggregated indicators of patents and scientific publications.

Communication is everywhere and encom passes everything. Effective communication is an essential skill that is used daily and is related to success in all facets of life. In today's world of business, an organization's survival depends on employee communication. When communication is ineffective, the organization suffers. Whether oral or auditory, electronic or written, non-verbal or verbal, some form of communication is involved in every task, activity, or process performed everyday. The world is completely reliant on communication to perform even the most basic of all daily tasks. Without communication almost all daily functions would cease and the world as it is known today would grind to a halt. On any given day, one participates numerous times in the communication process. For the first time in history, two genders and four generations share the workplace. Not understanding the gender traits or managing generational differences can result in a clash of communication styles and work ethics that can create cultural chaos. These differences are often responsible for conflict and miscommunication, but need not divide the workplace. The key to working with different generations lies in our ability to understand gender and generational motivations and values. Being able to appreciate and use these differences to enhance the work environment will help bridge the generation gap and enhance communications in the workplace.

Introduction: Vehicle crashes causing ‘whiplash injuries’, is of great concern worldwide. These injuries occur at relatively low velocity changes (Δv), typically < 25 km/h, and in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts are, however, associated with the highest risk and the highest frequency. A number of studies have shown that the whiplash injury risk is higher for females than for males, even in similar crash conditions. Yet, there is only one size of rear impact crash test dummy available – the 50th percentile male (BioRID or RID3D). It does not represent females in terms of mass distribution and dynamic response, and the size corresponds to a ~90th–95th percentile female. Consequently, the existing whiplash protection concepts are more effective for males than females, with 60% risk reduction of permanent medical impairment for males compared to 45% for females. The objective of this study was to start addressing this shortcoming by developing a finite element model of a 50th percentile female rear impact crash dummy, ‘EvaRID’. Materials and Methods: To establish anthropometric specifications of the 50th percentile female, several sources were assessed, such as anthropometric data from different countries and review of previous publications from the development of the other dummy sizes. The EvaRID V1.0 model was obtained by scaling an existing BioRID II LS-DYNA model. Mass and geometrical dimensions were scaled to obtain values representative of the 50th percentile female. Width and depth dimensions were then established based on scaling of each body segment. Stiffness and damping properties of materials and discrete elements were kept in accordance with the BioRID II model. The EvaRID V1.0 model was evaluated with regard to rear impact tests with female volunteers at Δv 7 km/h, Carlsson et al. (1). The volunteers were selected based on their stature and mass being close to the 50th percentile female. Parts of this work have been published in more detail, Chang et al. (2). Results and Conclusions: Until ~250 ms, good correlations were found between the EvaRID V1.0 model and the volunteer tests for head and T1 accelerations and x-displacements, and head angular displacements. The EvaRID model showed markedly less angular motion of the upper thoracic spine in extension compared to the female volunteers. To improve this it will be necessary to adjust the stiffness of the spinal joints. In the future, the EvaRID dummy model has the potential to become a valuable tool when evaluating seats and whiplash protection systems. It may potentially be used as a template for the development of a physical female size dummy. Acknowledgements: This study is part of the ADSEAT project, European Commission, ID 233904. Additional funding was received from the Swedish Transport Agency. References 1. Carlsson A, Linder A, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Schick S, Horion S, Hell W. Female volunteer motion in rear impact sled tests in comparison to results from earlier male volunteer tests. (2008): Publ ID 88835, http:// publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/ 2. Chang F, CarlssonA, Lemmen P, Svensson MY, Davidsson J, Schmitt K-U, et al. EvaRID: a dummy model representing females in rear end impacts. (2010): Publ ID 128706, http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/