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Women researchers are still a minority in the Government and Higher Education Sectors — GOV and HES, a trend that is ac centuated in the natural science and engineering fields. These sectors nevertheless have higher proportions of women researchers than the Business Enterprise Sector — BES.

In the EU-15 countries, R&D expenditure is more likely to be performed in the Business Enterprise Sector and, consequently, it is less likely that this R&D will be carried out by women: in Germany, the BES accounts for 70% of total national R&D expenditure and women only represent 9.6% of all researchers in this sector.

In EU-25, the employment rate for women aged 20-49 is 60% when they have children under 12, compared with 75% when they do not (Chart 1). For men with children under 12, however, the employment rate is 91%, five points above the rate for men without children.

In 2004, only 29 % of Europe's scientists and engineers were women working with a share of 88 % in services. Out of the male scientists and engineers the corresponding proportion was 67 %. The unemployment rate is higher with female scientists compared to male ones, even if these differences seem to diminish in the recent years.

A manual developed as part of the UNECE and World Bank Institute project on engendering national statistical systems. It was prepared by the UNECE Task Force on Gender Statistics Training for Statisticians with contributions from various experts.

Developing Gender Statistics: A Practical Tool aims to guide statistical organizations in the production and use of gender statistics. It represents a consolidated reference for any organization or individual interested in producing information about gender differences, guides producers of gender statistics and assists in improving the availability of high-quality information on women and men.